How are port ranges specified in Scapy when crafting a packet?

• A. By using square brackets around the start and end ports
• B. By using parentheses around the start port and end port
• C. By using curly braces around the ports
• D. By listing individual ports

Answer: (B)

Port ranges in Scapy are expressed as a tuple in the destination port field. The (start, end) form signals Scapy to expand to every port in that inclusive range when crafting packets. This is shown by using parentheses to create the tuple, not square brackets or braces. For example, IP()/TCP(dport=(20, 80)) will generate packets for ports 20 through 80. If you specify a single port, you provide an integer like 80. If you need discrete ports, you could use a list of ports, but that’s not a range. The key point is that a port range uses a tuple inside the dport field.